صناعة الحصران: مهنة عمرها خمسة آلاف عام تزاولها النساء في الأهوار
مرتضى الحدود- المنصة
ما أن تظهر أولى خيوط الشمس من خلف أعواد القصب حتى تنهض “شيماء” من فراشها وتبدأ بجدل حبال القصب لصنع حصيرة مختلفة عن تلك البلاستيكية الموجودة بكثرة في الأسواق.
ورثت “شيماء” حرفة “صناعة الحصران” (مفردها حصيرة) عن والديها وجدّها كي تكون مصدراً للدخل يساعد الأسرة الكبيرة على تحمل أعباء الحياة. وهي حرفة قديمة تعتمد على أنواع خاصّة من القصب متوفرة في مناطق الأهوار، أشهرها قصب البردي، وتزاولها خصوصاً النساء وربات المنازل.
ففي تلك المسطحات الشاسعة المغمورة بالمياه تعيش حوالي ثلاثة آلاف أسرة على تربية الأسماك والطيور والجواميس، وكذلك على صناعات يدوية منها صناعة الحصران التي بدأت تنحسر تدريجياً مع الاستخدامات الحديثة للسكن.
تشرح شيماء أن الحصيرة التي تجدلها يمكن استخدامها كبساط يوضع على الأرض أو كمظلة يستظل بها من حرارة الشمس، لذا “فهي ضروريةفي كل بيت”.
مراحل التصنيع
في ركن في فناء المنزل جعلت منه ورشة صغيرة يبدأ عمل الفتاة الثلاثينية من الساعات الأولى في الصباح.
كانت تجلس على الأرض تحيك برشاقة تلك الحبائل الذهبية وتدخلها بعضها ببعض، دون أن ترتدي أكفّاً تحميها من نثرات القصب الحادة. وبينما هي منهمكة بالعمل، كانت أختها التي تصغرها بثلاث سنوات تحمل مطرقة كبيرة لتقوم بعملية “الدكة”، إحدى مراحل الصنع الأساسية.
في هذه العملية المجهدة تقوم الأخت بالطرق على حزم القصب الممدودة على الأرض لنزع القشور عن الأعواد التي تتراوح أطوالها بين المتر ونصف المتر والمترين.
تقول الأخت إن “الدكة” أصعب مراحل العمل إذ تتطلب جهداً عضلياًَ كبيراً، وإن “هناك طرقاً أيسر بكثير كوضع الأعواد على طريق معبّد تمر عليه السيارات فتقوم عجلاتها بدهس القصب وتقشيره”.
لكن المنزل يبعد مسافة حوالي الكيلومتر عن الطريق العام، لذا يصعب علي شيماء وأختها اتباع هذا الأسلوب إن لم يساعدها آخرون في نقل أحزمة القصب والانتظار هناك حتى تقشيره.
هذا لا يعني أن أشقاء شيماء لا يقومون بأي عمل، فهم مسؤولون عن أولى مراحل الصنع المعروفة بـ “حشّ القصب”، إذ يقوم الرجال عادةً بقطع القصب من عمق الأهوار باستخدام المنجل ثم ينقلونه للمنزل ويتم تعريضه للشمس والهواء إلى أن يجف تماماً.
كما أن الرجال يشطرون القصب إلى نصفين بعد عملية التقشير، فيصبح جاهزاً للحياكة”.
سند هام للأسرة
لا تستغرق حياكة الحصائر القصبية أو ما يسمى باللغة الدارجة “البارية او البواري” وقتاً بالنسبة لشيماء، فهي تصنع يومياً أربع حصائر بقياس ثلاثة أمتار طولاً ومتر ونصف المتر عرضاً، أو أربعة أمتار طولاً بمترين عرضاً.
وهناك قياسات أكبر تصنع خصيصاً للمضافات يصل طولها إلى ثمانية أمتار وبعرض مترين، تتطلب ضعف الوقت لإنجازها.
وعلى عكس شيماء تقول “زينب عبد” وهي الأخرى تعمل في هذا المجال “إن الوقت لا يسعفنا دائماً، فالالتزامات المنزلية كثيرة”، وهي تتلقى المساعدة من زوجها وأخواتها إذ يقومون بالعمل نيابة عنها عند انشغالها.
ترى زينب أن صنع الحصران من أصعب المهن، “فنحن نجلس طوال الوقت في الهواء الطلق، نتحمل درجات الحرارة المرتفعة في الصيف من دون مبردة هواء أو مروحة، فالكهرباء تنقطع في مناطقنا معظم الأوقات”.
ويتراوح سعر الحصيرة الواحدة ذات الأبعاد العادية بين خمسة وثمانية آلاف دينار (بين ثلاث وخمس دولارات تقريباً ما يعني أن زينب وشيماء تجنيان حوالي خمسمئة دولار، تشكل سنداً هاماً لأسرتيهما.
وتذهب الحصائر المنتجة في هذه الورش الصغيرة إلى أسواق المدن في محافظات الوسط والجنوب، وتشهد إقبالاً على شرائها، ولو أن البيع يتراجع في الظروف الحالية بسبب انتشار الوباء وتراجع الأنشطة التجارية.
يجب أن لا تندثر
المهندس جاسم الاسدي، رئيس منظمة “طبيعة العراق” في محافظة ذي قار وخبير بمناطق الأهوار، يؤكد أن “صناعة الحصران” مهنة تعود إلى 3000 عام قبل الميلاد اذ كانت تستخدم عند الأقوام السومرية في مناطق جنوبي العراق.
ويشير إلى أن هذه الحرفة عادت وازدهرت في القرن الماضي إلى جانب صناعات يدوية أخرى تستفيد من البيئة الطبيعية، كصناعة “الحلة” وهي أعشاش يشتيرها مربّو الطيور بحوالي 500 دينار عراقي للقطعة الواحدة.
ويطالب جاسم الحكومة العراقية والمنظمات غير الحكومية بالاهتمام بالصناعات التقليدية التي تزاولها، خصوصا تلك التي تزاولها نساء الأرياف في مناطق الأهوار، قائلاً إن “هذه الصناعات يجب ان لا تندثر، فهي صديقة للبيئة وتساعد النساء على كسب رزقهن، كما أنها جزء هام من موروثنا الثقافي”.
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