“المضايف السومرية” طراز معماري فريد في جنوب العراق

12/05/2019
479 2 دقائق

ذي قار – علي الناصري

بين القرى العائمة على المياه في أهوار جنوب العراق تنتشر المضايف السومرية المصنوعة من القصب والتي تتسم بطراز معماري فريد توارثه سكانها من السومريين القدماء، إذ تؤكد الرقم الطينية التي عثر عليها في تلك المنطقة ان صور تلك المضايف ظهرت على اختام اسطوانية تعود الى أكثر من ثلاثة آلاف عام.

وعلى وقع الاهازيج والقصائد الشعبية تنتخي العشيرة الجنوبية لبناء مضيفها السومري من القصب والحصران والحبال ليكون عنوانا لقبيلتهم بمشاركة العشرات من الرجال الاشداء في مراحل البناء التي تتراوح بين اسبوع واسبوعين حسب حجم المضيف.

بناء تلك الأماكن التي تستقبل رجال القبيلة وضيوفها يحتاج الى مهارة وخبرة كبيرتين وهناك متخصصين بهذا النوع من الفن المعماري يطلق عليهم السكان المحليين تسمية “الاسطوات”.

الحاج عباس شاكر رجل ستيني وهو احد الاسطوات المعروفين ببناء هذا الطراز في محافظة ذي قار جنوب العراق  وله من الخبرة ثلاثة عقود من الزمن يقول ان مراحل البناء تبدأ من إقامة (الشبَة)  التي تمثل ركائز البناء وغالباً ما تكون بعدد فردي بحسب التقاليد السارية فاصغر المضايف يتكون من سبعة ( ِشباب ) وأكبرها من واحد وعشرون شبة.

ويشير الحاج عباس الى ان العمل يبدأ من توزيع ركائز القصب (الِشباب) من قبل رجال العشيرة المساعدين له وتثبيتها وتغطيتها بحصائر القصب وشدها بحبال شديدة مصنوعة لهذا الغرض لتكون مكانا لجلوس القبيلة وافرادها وضيوفها يتحمل الظروف الجوية المتقلبة بمتانته رغم بساطة المواد الأولية المستخدمة في تشييده.

بناء المضيف السومري يعود الى حضارة السومريين بناة  العراق القديم  ويتخذ شكل السفينة المقلوبة ويتكون من اعمدة فردية تحمل رمزية الوحدانية انتشر بناءه في جنوب العراق منذ آلاف السنين ويتركز في مناطق الاهوار والقبائل المتوزعة في جميع مناطق محافظة ذي قار وبعض المدن المجاورة.

الباحث التاريخي مرتضى الحدود يقول ان المضيف له رمزية اجتماعية لوحدة القبيلة كونه يمثل مركز القرار من خلال تجمع افراد القبيلة يوميا في هذا المكان صباحا ومساءا حتى ساعات متأخرة من الليل حيث النقاشات والحديث في مختلف الشؤون ويشكل مدرسة حقيقية للرجولة وفنون الحياة وعادة ما يصف ابناء العشائر هذه التجمعات داخل المضيف بـ (المجالس).

الشيخ علي جاسم (50 عاماً) وهو احد شيوخ افخاذ قبيلة آلزيرج يقول ان المضيف ضرورة كبرى للعشيرة فهو مجلس اللقاء الموسع وقبلة الضيوف وديوان الكرم ومجلس النخوة وحل المشكلات وحسم الخلافات بين الناس فهو يلعب دور “المحكمة” والشيخ بمثابة “القاضي” حينما تنشب الخلافات بين أبناء القبيلة الواحدة او بين شخصين من قبيلتين مختلفتين.

ويشير الى ان المضيف اليوم يمثل رمزا مهما للعشيرة وفيه ساعات القهوة المعروفة حيث يتوافد الرجال صباحا ومساءا لتبادل الآراء والافكار وآخر المستجدات وصياغة القرارات التي تخدم القبيلة وافرادها والجميع ملزم بها من دون مخالفة لها لأنها تُتخذ بمشورة الحاضرين.

المضايف السومرية لازالت تحتفظ بتقاليد خاصة اختفت معظمها لدى باقي العشائر، وهناك آداب عامة يتوجب الالتزام بها عند الدخول ال المضيف والمشاركة في النقاشات.

منشد والي (57 عاماً) ع احد سكان منطقة العكيكة جنوب مدينة الناصرية يقول ان الحضور الى ديوان المضيف له ضوابط يجب ان يلتزم بها كل شخص ومنها السلام على الجميع والجلوس في المكان المحدد واحتساء فنجان القهوة باليد اليمنى وعدم الخوض بالحديث مالم يسمح له بذلك إذ تعد تعوض المضايف عن المدارس فيما يتعلق بتعلم الأدب في التخاطب والحديث.

محافظة ذي قار احدى مدن جنوب العراق تحتضن اكثر من 500 مضيف سومري يمثل الوان مختلفة من القبائل العربية والتي تتفرع الى اقسام معظمها متصاهره وتربطها اواصر القرابة والتكاتف فيما بينها .

12/05/2019
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